Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Method Essay - 1095 Words

Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory and Method Sigmund Freud was the creator of Psychoanalysis which means analysis of the mind, Freud developed specific methods of analysing, all of them concentrating on the unconscious mind. This essay will describe Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, method and the techniques he used, describing, Methods of Investigation, Personality Development, Defence Mechanisms and The Psychosexual Stages of Development. Freud believed that because he could not find any physical cause for many of his patient’s symptoms, that they must be linked to unconscious psychological disturbances. Freud attempted to uncover the psychological problems†¦show more content†¦A person with a weak ego may resort to: - Defence Mechanisms These operate unconsciously and are a key aspect of our personality, there are quite a few defence mechanisms, these are the ways in which we deal with trauma, horror, or unacceptable situations, three examples are Denial, Repression and Projection: - Denial occurs when a person who has experienced horror blocks out the events from awareness, refusing to acknowledge reality. Repression is explained as a person not being able to recall a threatening situation, person or a specific event in their lives for fear of alarm or anxiety, these incidents or times have been repressed into the unconscious. Projection is a person attributing their own unacceptable feelings or characteristics onto someone else e.g. a husband, who is good and faithful, finds himself terribly attracted to the flirtatious lady next door, but rather than acknowledge his feelings he becomes jealous of his wife and worried about her faithfulness. Freud believed that the personality developed through five Psychosexual Stages. The Oral Stage (birth - 18 months), The Anal Stage (18 months - 3 years), The Phallic StageShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freuds Theory Of Psychoanalysis1636 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Psycho-analysis,† Sigmund Freud’s essay detailing the origins, methods, and applications of his theory of psychoanalysis, reveals the utility of his approach in understanding what lies beneath the surface through the interpretation of dreams, which later psychoanalytic critics related to the interpretation of literature. Freud’s description of his psychoanalytic theory considers it an approach to unlocking knowledge that is impossible to discover through prior methods of psychology and that is applicableRead MoreHow Relevant Is Freud Today1559 Words   |  7 PagesSigmund Freud was arguably one of the most influential psychologists in the investigation of personality, and his work can still, to some extent, be considered relevant today. His methods allowed for the first time the investigation of phenomena that were previously difficult to tackle, such as dreams and s exual desires. â€Å"Yes and No† is a justified reply to the question of whether Freud is relevant today in that his ideas on personality were the first to investigate the role of childhood trauma,Read MoreAnalyzing the Components of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality1232 Words   |  5 Pagescomponents of the psychoanalytic approach to personality Herbert Reeves PSY/250 April 26, 2011 David Brueshoff Analyzing the components of the psychoanalytic approach to personality Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter. One such subject of much debate is the psychoanalytic theory. In order to grasp a hold of this intriguing subject matter, one has only to examine the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud,Read MoreThe Psychoanalytic Approach . And Some Of The Influential987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Psychoanalytic Approach And Some of the Influential People Behind It Diane L. Williams Clatsop Community College The Psychoanalytic Approach And Some of the Influential People Behind It There are different theoretical approaches to psychology; behaviorist, humanistic, psychoanalytic, and biological. I will be discussing the psychoanalytic approach to psychology and some of the pioneers of this theory. What is the psychoanalytic approach? Psychoanalysis is a form of psychotherapy thatRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Red Scare Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthe father of psychoanalysis, first coins the term â€Å"Oedipus complex† in his book The Interpretation of Dreams. The Oedipus complex is described as a child’s desire for the parent of the opposite sex, specifically a boy’s desire for his mother. Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages of development uses the Oedipus complex to not only describe a boy’s desire for his mother, but also his jealousy for his father. Freud theorizes that the boy sees his father as a rival for his mother’s affection. EssentiallyRead MoreKaren Horney : A German Psychoanalyst970 Words   |  4 PagesKaren Horney (neà © Danielsen) was a German psychoanalyst whose early theories and writings founded Feminist Psychology. Later on in her career, she became well-renowned for her theories on personality development, neurosis, and self-theory. She grew infamous towards the end of her career due to her Neo-Freudian attitude and frequent opposition and critique of Sigmund Freud’s already existing theories. Ironically, her critiques of Freud are now widely accepted by the field of Psychology. Karen HorneyRead MorePsychoanalytic Theory : Psychoanalytic And Psychoanalytic Perspective Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages Psychoanalytic aka â€Å"Psychodynamic† The psychoanalytic perspective, is the outlook that behavior and personality are effected by the conflict between one’s inner dreams n and expectation of society. Most of this conflict occurs in unconscious, which is outside the knowledge of an individual. Renowned psychologist, Freud established the psychoanalytic theory as an explanation for perplexed phenomena such as the meaning behindRead MoreEssay on Why Is Freud Criticized?1143 Words   |  5 Pagesis highly renowned psychologists known for his most controversial theories in the history of psychology. He is also believed to be the father of modern psychiatry and psychology. His works are read widely and are criticized as well. He has left behind numerous theories regarding human mind and behavior out of which some are commonly accepted and some are widely debated. The question after that arises now is â€Å"Why did Freud’s theories get many criticisms?† Freud was in his day an answer to many ofRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Main Principles in Any Two of the Followingpsychological Therapies: Psychoanalysis, Behavior Therapy, Cognitive Therapy or Humanistic Therapy1584 Words   |  7 Pages(Schou, 1992). This essay will focus on psychoanalysis and cognitive therapies by first explaining the main principles and then followed by a detailed comparison in between the two. The latter would include both advantages and drawbacks of these methods. Lastly this essay would include an evaluation of the argument shortly followed by a conclusion. Cognitive therapy is a collaborative approach where therapists do not direct the patients to do certain things or persuade them to change their viewsRead MoreEssay on Psychoanalysis1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States, the term psychohistory has become increasingly popular since about 1945. Psychohistory is the blending of history with the psychoanalytical theories (Gilderhus 129). This idea has raised many questions among scholars and is still a controversial discussion piece at this time. Sigmund Freud: One may question Freuds ideas and wonder what made him so popular during the early 1900s. Many attribute this to the idea that Freud, along with Charles Darwin, is viewed as a critical

Eye contact Essay - 1485 Words

A common phrase used about the eyes is that, â€Å"the eyes are the window to the soul.† This phrase is not necessarily true; however, it gives a good perspective on how people use eyes to judge a person’s character. First of all, eye contact is a great communication tool and can be used effectively in social situation. Second, a teacher can use eye contact to help their interaction with students. Third, employers want a future employee to have good eye contact to know that the employee is listening and will understand the job they are asked to perform. Eye contact is important and can determine a person’s true thoughts and opinions. The use of eye contact in socializing is important. Social Situations Eye contact can determine a person’s†¦show more content†¦There are people with high self-esteem and people with low self-esteem. People with low self-esteem and people with high self-esteem have different eye contact reactions when they receive news. People with high self-esteem reduce eye contact and avoid it when they are receiving news they do not like or do not want to hear, however, they have excellent eye contact while receiving good news (Greene Frandsen, 1979). People with low self-esteem are on the opposite end of the spectrum, they increase eye contact with bad news and decrease eye contact with good news (Greene Frandsen, 1979). The eyes can even have conversations of their own in social situations. You can be saying one thing and your eyes could be saying another. You can use your eyes to tell people things that you do not want to say out loud. People use their eyes to help in the turn taking in a conversation; they just use their eyes to show that they are anxious to talk or are tired of talking and wish the other person would chime in (Comadena, 1990). The eyes are a dangerous tool to use in social situations. They can be used effectively or can be confused with staring or gawking. People do not always like to be looked at, even if the intentions are good. There are two types of people, people that feel they need to be stared at and thoseShow MoreRelatedEye Contact And Nonverbal Communication962 Words   |  4 PagesEye Contact in Nonverbal Communication Another important aspect of nonverbal communication process is eye contact. In America, eye contact is very important but it is different in some cultures and countries. For example, Muslims often lower their graze and try to not focus on the opposite sex features except for the hands and face. In fact, lustful glances to those of the opposite sex is prohibited in their cultural. In addition, the Japanese culture view eye contact differently. According to (SITE)Read MoreNonverbal Messages And Its Effect On Communication Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesTwo people are having a conversation in which one person is talking and asking questions while the other remains silent or gives her/him the â€Å"silent treatment.† Topics covered in scenario; Spatial Messages, Eye messages, Encoding skills, Decoding skills Script for skit; Gabe; Alright, so today as a group we are going to demonstrate the nonverbal messages involved in silence, how it affects communication, and show the proper way to handle a situation in which the other person is giving the â€Å"silentRead More Nonverbal Communication Essay850 Words   |  4 PagesThey prefer face to face conversation than women do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oculescis is defined as eye behavior, eye contact, a way of listening and a way of communicating to others. Research states that â€Å"The complexity of human nonverbal communication may be illustrated by the physical face and the eyes.† The face is a primary expresser of emotions. Research also states that â€Å"The study of oculesics, are the pupils of the human eye. Which shows that a human responds variously to many different situations?† StudiesRead MoreObservation Report : Concrete Observation1671 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"We should do something slick.† While speaking, Tyler made direct eye contact with me. Once finished speaking, he leaned back to the right side of his chair and adjusted his body by pulling himself further back into the seat. Adam began running his fingers through his beard before saying, â€Å"It is a very hard conversation to have.† Once Adam finished speaking, Gracie nodded her head without saying anything. Tyler and I made eye contact again for approximately three seconds. Will adjusted himself in hisRead MoreCross Cultural Differences Nonverbal Communication Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesassociated with them. The second two relate to discourse structure: The Finger Bunch, which is similar to the ‘purse hand’ in form, marks ‘topic’ as distinct from ‘comment’; the Ring, in which the tips of the index finger and thumb are brought into contact forming a circle, marks the ‘locality’ of a unit in relation to the theme. Emblems, in particular, tend to differ by culture. Emblems are gestures that substitute for language. Examples of emblems include waving hand to say â€Å"hello† or â€Å"goodbye†, noddingRead MoreVerbal And Non Verbal Communication1018 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical reaction prior to registering what the phrase meant and then acting it out. They compared the brain activity to the physical activity to see how the physical affected the mental and vice versa. â€Å"I am like an open book, but you should have the eye to read me.† [Saeed Ahmed] Have you ever been told that you’re an open book? I have, but I have never stopped to ask why. Why do people believe this about me? Is it because my body tells you so? Is it because before I even have a chance to process whatRead MoreDemonstrative Communication Essay example846 Words   |  4 Pagesmessages. These messages exchange thoughts or information in a verbal or nonverbal, written or visual manner. Verbal communication consists of oral and written messages, where nonverbal communication consist of facial expressions, body posture, eye contact, and or hand gestures. â€Å"Non verbal communication entails communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages. These messages usually reinforce verbal communication, can stand alone, and convey messages on its own† (Nayab, 2011). TheRead MoreVerbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication1428 Words   |  6 Pages Paper Two months ago I use to perceive that rolling eyes, shrugging shoulders, and nodding head etc. are just the attitude of people. The real communication is just based on the words we communicate with each other to deliver our messages and intentions. However, after taking this class it is quite clear to me that communication is not just verbal communication but nonverbal as well. After taking this course, I have become able to understand the nonverbal aspects in each and every communicationRead MoreCommunication Occurs Everyday With People At Work Or Home909 Words   |  4 Pages Improving a person’s nonverbal communication can take several steps and include several nonverbal areas. Nonverbal communication has several different areas that are used everyday when people talk. These areas include body movement, posture, eye contact, voice language, personal space, and facial expressions. Theses nonverbal areas are used while talking and listening to other people to send messages. According to Nonverbal Communication: Improving Your Nonverbal Skills And Reading Body LanguageRead MorePersonal Space And Body Language : Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper was prepared for Management 170 Managerial Communication during the Fall Term 2016 Personal Space and Body Language: Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Introduction Nonverbal communication is a major factor in every conversation. Eye contact, posture, and personal space determine how verbal communication is interpreted. Learning to use and understand nonverbal communication effectively is extremely important, but can be challenging when one is speaking to someone of a different culture

Princely Courts of the Early Renaissance Essay Example For Students

Princely Courts of the Early Renaissance Essay Princely Courts of the Early Renaissance Italian Renaissance princely courts were expected to be opulent, therefore, there were no the sumptuary restrictions to follow. Wealthy aristocrats like Cosimo de’ Medici were not allowed to openly display their wealth. Princely wealth was attained through conquest rather than through mercenary endeavors, and an open display of splendor reflected to the common people the ruler’s power and reinforced their belief that the state was a healthy entity. The shifting power relations among the numerous Italian city-states fostered the rise of princely courts and control of cities by despots during the 15th Century. Princely courts emerged as cultural and artistic centers. Their patronage contributed to the formation and character of Renaissance art. The artistic and architectural holdings of such princely rulers were emulated by wealthy individuals throughout Europe. Similarly, the courts of aristocratic Italian Renaissance nobility of the Medici, Gonzaga, Este, and Sforza families competed to outshine each other. The leading Florentine family was the Medici. The Medici spent money on constructing churches, encouraging art and supporting charities. One of the Medici Popes, Leo X, was a notable patron of the arts in Rome. These families were patrons of the arts during the early Renaissance. There were two main systems of patronage in Renaissance Italy. A rich person could take an artist into his or her household and in return the artist would supply the patron artistic needs, or someone or some organization could commission a single work from an artist and employ him until that work was finished client. If the commissioned work was particularly complicated the artist could be on the client payroll for years. Other ways for acquiring works of art are, choose work that had already been completed, or buy one from a previous owner. Patronage could be collective or individual. There are some famous examples of group patronage in Florence. For example, the wool guild was responsible for the Cathedral and gave out many important commissions for religious works. Another kind of collective patron, was the religious confraternity, e. g. The commission of The Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo. Leonardo, the oldest of the three major High Renaissance artists, worked for much of his career under court patronage. Other types of patronage are city states (e. g. Bronze David by Michelangelo), and prince from a state (Leonardo was court painter for the Duke of Milan for 17 years). These commissioned artists always seemed to characterize or paint in the new Renaissance style or spirit, which is known as humanism. Humanism was the basic concept of the Italian Renaissance. It is the term used to define that philosophical movement in Italy at the end of the 14th century and during the 15th and 16th centuries which asserted the right of the individual to the use of his own reason and belief, and stressed the importance and potential of man as an individual. The rise of Humanism can be seen in paintings created by Renaissance artists. During the Middle Ages, saints in paintings wore halos (a ring or circle of light) around their heads. Artists also used hieratic scale in paintings during the Middle Ages, making saints or members of the family of God larger in scale than ordinary or less important figures. As Humanism became more popular during the Renaissance, ordinary people grew to be the same size as saints in paintings

Mass Media Essay Essay Example

Mass Media Essay Essay Mass Media’s Influence on Americas’ Youth Does mass media influence children and teenagers more than their friends and family? That’s the question mainstream America is asking. America’s youth today is faced with an issue that adolescents in past decades never experienced. Young people today are flooded with media such as television, music, movies, magazines, newspapers, internet, and more. Media is overly accessible and virtually impossible to hide from in a world now dependent on it. The main concern that always comes up in the discussion of mass media is its many negative impacts on children and teens in American society. Mass media is a dominant force in the United States and across the world that shapes and molds young people in a variety of ways, creating ideas and theories that hold huge influence in the perceptions and actions of these adolescents. Many times these perceptions and ideals shown through mass media are very harmful to the development of children and teenagers in the United States. Mass media in the United States lacks government intervention and regulation. One of the reasons that there may not be strict enough rules for mass media could be that most broadcast companies in the United States are privately owned. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These private companies receive no government funding. For example, public radio and public television are funded and controlled by government. Therefore, the government holds little leverage in telling these corporations what to do. Mass media’s effect in regards to violent behavior shows why the government regulation of mass media needs to be stricter than they currently are. The watching of violence is a very popular form of entertainment in mainstream America. A crowd of pedestrians enjoy a street fight just as the Greek enjoyed watching Spartans battle in the arena. Boxing and Wrestling are one of the most popular spectator sports on television in the United States and around the world. Violence is the most frequently depicted genre in television and movies. News programs provide extensive coverage of violent crimes just to bump up their ratings. Another way these kids are viewing this violence is through their videogames. Videogames such as Grand Theft Auto and Call of Duty are among the most popular videogame titles on the market. According to CNN Grand Theft Auto sold 3. million copies and generated $310 million dollars in sales in its first day. The more violent the videogames are, the more copies they sell. Just imagine how different things might be in a world without children playing violent videogames or watching gory movies nearly every day. In a research study reported in the Journal of Adolescent Health the results reported were that on 23 channels recorded more than half of the material was filled with violence (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). Many of these television shows that contain violent material depict unrealistic effects. For example, there could be an extremely horrific gun shooting or stabbing in a movie and the character lives. However, the reality is that a gun shooting or a stabbing will most likely result in death. One common example of violent behavior being glorified through television and movies is bank robberies. These movies make robbing banks seem appealing because of the ease in which they take the money while underplaying the consequences that go along with a serious crime such as this. Many parents observe their children and teenagers copying behaviors that they have picked up in films and TV shows. It is quite apparent that this process leads to a greater frequency of violence. Mass media’s influence on sexuality is another controversial topic. Media is one way America’s youth learn and see sexual behavior. â€Å"Adolescence is the stage when individuals develop independent identities by disengaging from their parents and interacting more extensively with their peers† (Paek et al. 2011). Considering that at this stage adolescents are not guided by their parents as much as in prior stages of their life it becomes increasingly important that the mass media influences adolescent sexuality. The mass media are an increasingly accessible way for people to learn about and view sexual behavior. The media is especially important and influential for teenagers as they begin developing their own sexual beliefs and patterns of behavior. Media is often the only influence in these young people’s life as parents and schools remain reluctant to discuss sexual topics. In the United States, young people spend 6 to 7 hours each day on average with some form of media (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). Brown and Witherspoon report, â€Å"almost all teens have their own source of music †¦ and more than wo-thirds have their own television †¦ in their bedroom† (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). Many of those televisions also are hooked up to cable. These numbers will have surely increased over the past decade if history repeats itself. A report published in the Journal of Sex Research concluded that mass media has a profound influence on adolescent sexual attitudes and sexual practices (Brown 2002). The availability of sexual content continues to increase. According to Forbes Magazine internet pornography is now a billion dollar per year industry. Sexual content is flooding through mainstream media. It is clear in regards to sexuality in media that it influences the way adolescents think and behave sexually. Media also effects how early young people begin to start having sexual activities. Young people interpret sexual media content differently than adults; they also evaluate and incorporate what they are seeing into their own lives. â€Å"Both children and adults have been reported to believe the media is a central source of information on sex and sexuality for young people† (Werner-Wilson, Fitzharris, Morrisey 2004). Considering that adults are reportedly looking to the internet as a resource for sexual questions or curiosity it’s easy to understand why children are also looking to the internet as a sexual resource. Young teens in America are having sex earlier, and with more partners because of what they see in the media. It’s simply natural to behave the way you see others behaving. Another disturbing effect caused by mass media is in regards to health. Mass media continues to put out content that does nothing to promote good health and a lot to cause unhealthy behavior among young people. A study on media and American teenagers showed that 8 to 18 year-olds spend 6 to 7 hours a day with some type of media and over 20 hours a week just with music (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). The most dangerous health effects caused by media are on young women. Young women all over the United States and the world are starving themselves in an effort to become skinnier. The reason these women are striving to become skinnier is because of the perception that mass media has created on what beauty is. In a study shown by the Society for Adolescent Medicine, nearly one quarter of college girls are engaging in some form of anorexic behavior (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). Not only has this standard of what a woman should look like affected these women physically but it has also completely diminished many of these women’s self-esteem. According to the National Institute of Mental Health anorexia often develops during teen years or young adulthood. Since it is already known that the teen years are when adolescents are most impressionable, it makes perfect sense that anorexia often develops during this period. The full name for this disorder is anorexia nervosa. The characteristics of anorexia include emaciation, starvation, self-esteem issues, and fear of weight gain. The effects of this eating disorder can be deadly. Some of the most serious problems include brain damage and organ failure. Tobacco is largely depicted in the media. According to the National Institute of Health, people who start smoking before the age of 21 have the hardest time quitting. About 30% of youth smokers will continue smoking and die early from a smoking-related disease. Teen smokers are more likely to use alcohol and illegal drugs they are more likely to have panic attacks, anxiety disorders and depression. A research study conducted by Hye-Jin Peak, Albert Gunther, Douglas McLeod, and Thomas Hove explored the degree that peer perceptions effect adolescents’ truthfully reporting whether or not they have been exposed to anti-smoking efforts thru mass media (Peak, Gunther, McLeod, and Hove 2011). This study also evaluated how peer perceptions affect adolescents’ effect whether or not the teens smoke or how they feel about smoking (Peak et al. 011). The research study results explained that media influence on adolescents showed a strong correlation between increased media and increased smoking in adolescents (Peak et al. 2011). Considering the research results leads one to believe that if stricter laws were made on commercials for tobacco then maybe fewer kids would be smoking. If the United States Government examined how other nations re gulate mass media they may be enlightened. â€Å"Recognition of the harmful effects of smoking has led many countries to restrict tobacco advertising. In some, such as New Zealand and Norway, cigarette consumption decreased significantly after the bans† (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). Media Portrayal of cigarette popularity contributes to the likelihood of adolescents beginning to smoke. As of today there are some restrictions on tobacco marketing, but these restrictions are very weak and hardly effective. As for image advertising, the agreement does not ban actual photos of people trying to entice adolescents to start smoking, only the cartoon images for cigarette advertising (Petty 1999). All advertisements are still allowed to picture people (Petty 1999). â€Å"Beer and wine are also among the most heavily advertised products on television and radio† (Brown and Witherspoon 2002). Considering that beer and wine are so heavily advertised in the mass media main stream America should really be considering the impact of alcohol use on United States’ adolescent population. According to the National Institute of Health there were 2. 8 million alcohol related injury deaths among 18 to 24 year-old college students from 1998 to 2001. If the Mass Media didn’t idealize alcohol as glamorous then certainly there would not have been as many tragic unnecessary deaths of young people during this 3 year period. The number of negative effects caused by mass media is extraordinary. Media negatively affects individual’s self-concept, attitudes, and behavior. It is impossible not to see how much the negative effects on youth out-weigh the positives. What can be done to change the status quo media has set in the U. S.? Focusing on a variety of categories; not just violence, sexuality, and self-esteem may be helpful. Perhaps if from the time children became toddlers they are not able to see Hustler and Penthouse magazines that contain explicit nudity at a party store or gas station counter that would be step one in gaining some kind of protection or censorship for our children. The world is constantly evolving. â€Å"Young people today are growing up in a world unlike anything previous generations have experienced. Today’s youth have greater access to forms of communication than ever before† (Brown and Cantor 2000). Surely the future of America’s adolescents is extremely important to most all Americans. Therefore, it only makes sense that since mass media is changing drastically then the rules regulating mass media must change drastically too. Works Cited Brown, Jane. â€Å"Mass Media Influences on Sexuality. † The Journal of Sex Research 39. 1, Promoting Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior (Feb. , 2002), pp. 42-45. Jstor. Oakland Community University. 28 Jul. 2011 Brown, Jane, and Elizabeth M. Witherspoon. â€Å"The Mass Media and American Adolescents’ Health. † The Journal of Adolescent Health 31. 6s, (2002) pp. 154-167. Oakland Community University. 8 Jul. 2011 Brown, Jane, and Joanne Cantor. â€Å"An Agenda for Research on Youth and the Media†. The Journal of Adolescent Health 27. 2s, (2000) pp. 1-7. Oakland Community University. 28 Jul. 2011 Paek, Hye-Jin, Albert C. Gunther, Douglas M. McCleod, and Thomas Hove. â€Å"How Adolescents Perceived Media Influence on Peers Affects Smoking Decisions. † The Journal of Consumer Affairs pp. 12 3-146. (2011). Wayne State University. 12 Aug. 2011 Petty, Ross. â€Å"Tobacco Marketing Restrictions in the Multistate Attorneys General Settlement: Is This Good Public Policy. Journal of Public Policy Marketing 18. 2, (1999), pp. 249-257. Jstor. Oakland Community University. 6 Aug. 2011 Thompson, Kenneth, and Anita Sharma. â€Å"Secularization, Moral Regulation and the Mass Media. † The British Journal of Sociology 49. 3, (1998), pp. 434-455. Jstor. Oakland Community University. 6 Aug. 2011 Works Cited Werner-Wilson, Ronald Jay, Jennifer Lynn Fitzharris, and Kathleen M. Morrissey. â€Å"Adolescent and Parent Perceptions of Media Influence on Adolescent Sexuality. † Adolescence 39. 154 (2004). Wayne State University. 12 Aug. 011 CNN on the Web. 14 August 2011. http://articles. cnn. com/2008-05-08/tech/gta. sales_1_ea-sales-grand-theft-auto-iv? _s=PM:TECH. NIH on the Web. 14 August 2011 http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/smokingandyouth. html. NIMH on the Web. 14 August 2011 http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/eating-disorders/complete-index. shtml. FORBES on the Web. 14 August 2011 http://www. forbes. com/2001/05/25/0524porn. html. Web. August 14 http://www. collegedrinkingprevention. gov/media/Mag_and_Prev_ARPH_April_2005. pdf.